NGO Education Survey

College: College of Economics 経済学部

NPO Economics a (Entrepreneurship in NPOs, Social Enterprises and Global Innovation)

NPO経済論a（ NPO・社会的企業とグローバル・イノベーションの起業家精神）

Japan, which should have achieved a high level of economic affluence by international standards, is now facing an aging and shrinking population domestically and a decline in its international standing in global economic and financial transactions. Japan now needs to reform its socioeconomic system in a way that is compatible with its international competitiveness while bringing about creative and human vitality, not bound by past success stories. In this lecture, we will focus on NPOs and social enterprises as a third sector that is neither the state nor a for-profit corporation, and together we will discuss solutions to the problems of "one country" that will bring about new innovations through bottom-up horizontal cooperation starting from "Isshin," while presenting live examples from around the world to raise students' awareness of the issues. We would like to think together about solutions to "one country's" problems that will lead to new innovations from the horizontal collaboration of bottom-up and bottom-up perspectives. Japan's membership-based employment system and decision-making based on a vertically organized structure have resulted in Japan being ranked at the top in terms of work ethic and labor-management relations by international comparison, but near the bottom in terms of entrepreneurial spirit and international experience among company employees. On the other hand, it is true that many young people are expanding their activities to contribute to society by starting their own social businesses, NPOs, NGOs, and other activities. Furthermore, in 2015, the United Nations adopted "Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development," and nations, organizations, and individuals are continuing to work together to solve problems such as poverty, hunger, health, education, employment, energy, and the environment on the planet. It can be said that "independence of one body and one nation" from a global perspective is truly being questioned. To this end, NPOs and social enterprises are being called upon to play an active role as a third sector that links these organizations and communities, in addition to governments and for-profit corporations. At the same time, the economic and social systems and policies that support them must also innovate to create social values such as CSR and ESG.
Through this lecture, I hope that students who are about to embark on their lives will develop the ability to look at Japan objectively from inside and outside the country through comparative study of NPOs and social enterprises, which differ according to national systems and cultural contexts, and will be motivated to develop a global entrepreneurial spirit. Above all, we hope that students will gain an understanding of the rapidly changing world as it is, and that through this experience of working to solve problems that transcend boundaries, they will grow into human resources who can serve as the starting point for global innovation wherever they are in the world.

国際的に見て高い水準の経済的豊かさを実現していたはずの日本だが、国内では高齢化と人口減少、グローバルな経済・金融取引では国際的地位の低下に直面している。いま日本は過去の成功体験にとらわれない、クリエイティブで人間らしい活力をもたらしつつ、国際競争力と両立する社会経済システム改革が求められている。この講義では、国家でも営利企業でもないサードセクターとしてのNPO・社会的企業に着目し、「一身」を起点とするボトム・アップの水平的連携から、新たなイノベーションを起こす「一国」の問題解決策を、世界の生きた事例を学生諸君の問題意識に投げかけつつ一緒に考えていきたい。いまの日本は、メンバーシップ型の雇用システムと縦割りの組織による意思決定のため、国際比較をすると勤労意欲や労使関係はトップレベルの評価でありながら、企業で働く者たちの起業家精神や国際経験では最下位に近い評価となっている。もちろんその一方で多くの若者たちによる、ソーシャル・ビジネスやNPO・NGOなどの活動を自ら起こして社会貢献を目指す活動が広がっていることも事実である。さらに2015年には国連で「我々の世界を変革する：持続可能な開発のための2030アジェンダ」が採択され、地球上の貧困・飢餓・健康・教育・雇用・エネルギー・環境などの問題解決へと、国家と各組織・個人の協働が続けられている。まさにグローバルな視野での「一身独立・一国独立」が問われていると言えよう。そのためにこれまでの政府や営利企業だけでなく、それらとコミュニティーをつなぐサードセクターとしてのNPO・社会的企業の活躍が求められているのである。同時にそれを受け止める経済・社会の制度・政策も、CSRやESG等社会的価値創造のイノベーションが求められており、この講義ではその両面を合わせて検討したい。
この講義を通して、これから人生を歩もうとする学生諸君が、国の制度や文化の文脈によって異なるNPO・社会的企業という組織を比較学習することで、国の内外から客観的に日本を見る力を養い、グローバルな起業家精神を身につける動機となって欲しい。なにより、急激に変化しつつある世界の姿をありのままとらえ、境界を超えて問題解決に取り組む経験をすることで、世界のどこにいてもグローバル・イノベーションの起点となれる人材として育つことを期待したい。

NPO Economics b (Economics of Social Contribution)

NPO経済論ｂ（社会貢献の経済学）

Social contribution activities by the private nonprofit sector, such as nonprofit organizations (NPOs), individual volunteers, and corporate philanthropy, are becoming increasingly important in a mature society with diverse values, both in daily life and in times of emergency such as earthquakes. In a mature society with diverse values, social contribution activities by the private non-profit sector, such as philanthropy, are becoming increasingly important, both in daily life and in emergencies such as earthquakes. In this lecture, we will compare and discuss how the market system (self-help), the political system (public assistance), and the social system in a narrow sense (mutual aid) are viewed as social systems, and what kind of systems are desirable to respond to various social issues, and we will discuss the basics of altruistic behavior, which complement the market and political systems, the private sector's The lecture will also compare and discuss which systems are desirable in responding to various social issues, and will outline the basis of altruistic behavior and the social role and significance of the private and non-profit sectors, which complement the market and political systems, from an economic perspective.

NPO（nonprofit organization）、個人ボランティア、あるいは企業フィランソロピー（philanthropy）といった民間非営利セクターによる社会貢献活動は、価値観の多様化した成熟社会では、日常においても、震災などの非常時においても、ますますその重要性が高まってきているといえる。この講義では、社会の仕組みを市場システム（自助）・政治システム（公助）・狭義の社会システム（共助）と捉え、さまざまな社会的課題に対して、どのようなシステムが対応することが望ましいかを比較・考察し、市場システムと政治システムを補完する、利他的行動の基礎、民間非営利セクターの社会的役割と意義等について経済学的な観点から考察し概述する。

College: Keio SFC 慶応SFC

Establishment and Management of NPOs

NPOの設立と経営

(Abstract) Private non-profit organizations (NPOs) and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play a major role in various fields, including the environment, international aid, welfare, and education, and their importance is expected to increase in the future. These activities are expected to be uniquely effective in dealing with government and business, but their rationale and potential are not sufficiently clear. The purpose of this lecture is to learn about the reality of these "unknown organizations," NPOs, and to understand their significance in today's economic society. The first half of the lecture will provide basic knowledge by organizing the history and actual status of NPOs in Japan. In the second half, through guest speakers (tentative) and individual and group work, we will examine case studies of the establishment and operation of NPOs and learn about their organizational principles.

(概要)環境や国際援助、福祉や教育などをはじめ、様々な分野においてNPO（民間非営利組織）やNGO（民間非政府組織）が大きな役割を果たしており、その重要性は今後増すことが予想されている。これらの諸活動には、行政や企業に対する独自の有効性が期待されているが、その根拠や可能性は十分明確ではない。本講義の目的は、こうした「未知なる組織」であるNPOの実態を知り、今日の経済社会における意義を理解することにある。前半では、日本のNPOの歴史と実態などを整理しながら基本的知識を得る。後半では、ゲストスピーカー（予定）や個人やグループでの作業などを通してNPOの設立・運営などの事例を検討し、その組織原理を学ぶ。